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Kwashiorkor

Contents of this page:

Illustrations

Kwashiorkor symptoms
Kwashiorkor symptoms

Alternative Names    Return to top

Protein malnutrition; Protein-calorie malnutrition; Malignant malnutrition

Definition    Return to top

Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition that occurs when there is not enough protein in the diet.

Causes    Return to top

Kwashiorkor is most common in areas where there is:

This disease is more common in very poor countries. It often occurs during a drought or other natural disaster, or during political unrest. These conditions are responsible for a lack of food, which leads to malnutrition.

Kwashiorkor is very rare in children in the U.S. There are only isolated cases. However, one government estimate suggests that as many as 50% of elderly people in nursing homes in the U.S. do not get enough protein in their diet.

When kwashiorkor does occur in the U.S., it is usually a sign of child abuse and severe neglect.

Symptoms    Return to top

Exams and Tests    Return to top

The physical examination may show an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and general swelling.

Tests may include:

Treatment    Return to top

Getting more calories and protein will correct kwashiorkor, if treatment is started early enough. However, children who have had this condition will never reach their full height and growth.

Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. People who are in shock need immediate treatment to restore blood volume and maintain blood pressure.

Calories are given first in the form of carbohydrates, simple sugars, and fats. Proteins are started after other sources of calories have already provided energy. Vitamin and mineral supplements are essential.

Since the person will have been without much food for a long period of time, eating can cause problems, especially if the calories are too high at first. Food must be reintroduced slowly. Carbohydrates are given first to supply energy, followed by protein foods.

Many malnourished children will develop intolerance to milk sugar (lactose intolerance). They will need to be given supplements with the enzyme lactase so that they can tolerate milk products.

Outlook (Prognosis)    Return to top

Getting treatment early generally leads to good results. Treating kwashiorkor in its late stages will improve the child's general health. However, the child may be left with permanent physical and mental problems. If treatment is not given or comes too late, this condition is life-threatening.

Possible Complications    Return to top

When to Contact a Medical Professional    Return to top

Call your health care provider if your child has symptoms of kwashiorkor.

Prevention    Return to top

To prevent kwashiorkor, make sure the diet has enough carbohydrates, fat (at least 10 percent of total calories), and protein (12 percent of total calories).

References    Return to top

Heird WC. Food Insecurity, Hunger, and Undernutrition. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Kliegman: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 43.

Update Date: 8/1/2008

Updated by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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