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Sigmoidoscopy

Contents of this page:

Illustrations

Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy
Sigmoid colon cancer, X-ray
Sigmoid colon cancer, X-ray
Anal biopsy
Anal biopsy

Alternative Names    Return to top

Proctoscopy; Proctosigmoidoscopy

Definition    Return to top

Sigmoidoscopy is an internal examination of the lower large bowel (colon), using an instrument called a sigmoidoscope.

How the Test is Performed    Return to top

During the test, you are positioned on your left side with your knees drawn up toward your chest. A gastroenterologist or surgeon will perform the test. First, the doctor does a digital rectal exam by gently inserting a gloved and lubricated finger into the rectum to check for blockage and to dilate (gently enlarge) the anus.

Next, the sigmoidoscope -- a hollow tube with a camera on the end -- is inserted into the rectum. Air is introduced into the colon to expand the area and help the doctor see better. The air may cause the urge to have a bowel movement.

The sigmoidoscope is advanced, usually as far up as the sigmoid colon or descending colon. Then, as the scope is slowly removed, the lining of the bowel is carefully examined. The hollow channel in the center of the scope allows for the passage of forceps for taking biopsies or for other instruments for therapy.

How to Prepare for the Test    Return to top

You must sign an informed consent form. You will wear a hospital gown.

On the morning of the procedure, eat a light breakfast and then use a cleansing enema about 1 hour before the sigmoidoscopy.

Infants and children:

The preparation you can provide for this test depends on your child's age, previous experiences, and level of trust. For general information regarding how you can prepare your child, see the following topics:

How the Test Will Feel    Return to top

There will be pressure when the scope or fingers are introduced into your rectum. There may be a feeling of the need to have a bowel movement during the procedure. There may be some bloating or cramping caused by the air or by stretching of the bowel by the sigmoidoscope. Biopsies cause no discomfort.

After the test, you will expel the air that was introduced.

Why the Test is Performed    Return to top

This test can help diagnose:

This test can also be used to:

Normal Results    Return to top

Normal findings show that the lining of the sigmoid colon, rectal mucosa, rectum, and anus appear normal in color, texture, and size.

What Abnormal Results Mean    Return to top

Abnormal results can indicate:

Risks    Return to top

There is a slight risk of bowel perforation (tearing a hole) and bleeding at the biopsy sites (the overall risk is approximately 1 in 1,000).

References    Return to top

Pasricha JP. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. In: Goldman L, Ausiella, D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap 136.

Update Date: 3/8/2008

Updated by: Christian Stone, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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